“It’s Not Intentional”: Contradictions in Culturally Responsive Teaching
Jeanne Dyches, Brandon Sams & Deani Thomas
Iowa State University
https://doi.org/10.46767/kfp.2016-0042
Abstract
Culturally responsive instruction scholarship often presents a binary standard that teachers either satisfy or do not, a determination largely based on perceptions of observed practice. Yet, conclusions about teachers’ cultural responsiveness are dubious when researchers do not account for teachers’ intent. Conceptualizing cultural responsiveness as a continuum of dispositions, knowledges, and skills, this study asks: are certain culturally responsive characteristics more easily embodied and acted upon than others, and what accounts for these incongruences? Drawing on five months of data collection, this case study follows Margaret, a decorated English language arts teacher, and uncovers her culturally responsive characteristics based on her articulated instructional intent. Analysis reveals that Margaret more readily embodied and enacted certain culturally responsive characteristics than others. Although she worked to promote student success and create a classroom environment embracing all students, Margaret insisted her provocative pedagogical choices–such as melding conversations of canonical literature with patriarchal critique–were not intended to foster students’ sociopolitical consciousness or reflect her commitment to modifying curricula for equity. Tensions between Margaret’s culturally responsive characteristics lie in her belief that “good” teachers assume ideological neutrality. Margaret’s case asks stakeholders to centralize teachers’ instructional intent and, in doing so, complicate culturally responsive teaching.
Keywords
culturally responsive teaching, curriculum, secondary, literacy
Full Text
“It’s Not Intentional”: Contradictions in Culturally Responsive Teaching
References
Aronson, B., & Laughter, J. (2016). The theory and practice of culturally relevant
education: A synthesis of research across content areas. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 163-206.
Behrman, E. H. (2006). Teaching about language, power, and text: A review of
classroom practices that support critical literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 49(6), 490-498.
Berchini, C. (2019). Reconceptualizing whiteness in English education. Failure,
fraughtness, and accounting for context. English Education, 51(2), 151-188.
Blau, S. (2003). The literature workshop: Teaching texts and their readers. Portsmouth,
NH: Heinemann.
Borsheim-Black, C. (2015). “It’s pretty much white”: Challenges and opportunities of an
antiracist approach to literature instruction in a multilayered white context. Research in the Teaching of English, 49(4), 407-429.
Borsheim-Black, C., Macaluso, M., & Petrone, R. (2014). Critical literature pedagogy.
Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 8(2), 123-133.
Boyd, A. S. (2017). Social justice literacies in the English classroom: Teaching practice
in action. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Baccus, R., Colvin, E., Knight, E. B., & Ritter, L. (2019). When rubrics aren’t enough:
Exploring exemplars and student rubric co-construction. The Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy.
Brewer, J. D. (2000). Ethnography. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Brownell, C. J. (2017). Starting where you are, revisiting what you know: A letter to a
first-year teacher addressing the hidden curriculum. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 14(3), 205-217.
Cain, J. M. (2015). Clarifying multicultural: The development and initial validation of the
Multicultural Teacher Capacity Scale. Chapel Hill, N.C: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Chaucer, G., & Ellis, S. (2014). Chaucer: The Canterbury tales. London, UK: Routledge.
Cherry-McDaniel, M. (2019). Skinfolk ain’t always kinfolk: The dangers of assuming and
assigning inherent cultural responsiveness to teachers of color. Educational Studies, 55(2), 241-251.
Colantonio-Yurko, K. C., Miller, H., & Cheveallier, J. (2018). “But she didn’t scream”:
Teaching about sexual assault in young adult literature. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 14(1), 1-16.
Delpit, L. (2006). Other people’s children: Cultural conflict in the classroom (2nd Ed.).
New York, NY: The New Press.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of
qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp.1–32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dyches, J. (2017). Shaking off Shakespeare: A White teacher, urban students, and the
mediating powers of a canonical counter-curriculum. The Urban Review, 49(2), 300-325.
Dyches, J. (2018a). Critical canon pedagogy: Applying disciplinary inquiry to cultivate
canonical critical consciousness. Harvard Educational Review, 88(4), 538-564.
Dyches, J. (2018b). Particularizing the tensions between canonical and bodily
Discourses. Journal of Literacy Research, 50(2), 239-261.
Dyches, J., & Boyd, A. (2017). Foregrounding equity in teacher education: Toward a
model of social justice pedagogical and content knowledge. Journal of Teacher Education, 68(5), 476-490.
Dyches, J., Boyd, A. S., & Schulz, J. M. (2021). Critical content knowledges in the
English language arts classroom: examining practicing teachers’ nuanced perspectives. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 53(3), 368-384.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. Berman Ramos, Trans.). New York:
Continuum. (Original work published 1970)
Gallant, M. (2008). Using an ethnographic case study approach to identify socio-cultural
discourse: A feminist post-structural view. Education, Business, and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 1(4), 244-254.
Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.).
New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York,
NY: Routledge.
Gilgun, J. F. (2010). A primer on deductive qualitative analysis theory testing and theory
development. Current Issues in Qualitative Research, 1(3), 1–10.
Hayes, C., & Juarez, B. (2012). There is no culturally responsive teaching spoken here:
A critical race perspective. Democracy and Education, 20(1), 1-14.
Holmes, T. R. (2018). Boundary crossings at the intersection of texts and identities.
Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 62(3), 346-348.
Howard, T. C. (2003). Culturally relevant pedagogy: Ingredients for critical teacher
reflection. Theory into Practice, 42(3), 195-202.
Johnson, L. L. (2018). Where do we go from here? Toward a critical race English
education. Research in the Teaching of English, 53(2), 102-124.
Johnson, L. P., & Gonzalez, J. (2014). Culturally relevant practices and management of
an ELA teacher: A tale of two classrooms. The Journal of Balanced Literacy Research and Instruction, 2(1), 18-24.
Kim, J., & Pulido, I. (2015). Examining hip-hop as culturally relevant pedagogy. Journal
of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 12(1), 17-35.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: aka the remix. Harvard
Educational Review, 84(1), 74-84.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). “Yes, but how do we do it”: Practicing culturally relevant
pedagogy. In J. Ladman and C. Lewis (Eds.), White Teachers/Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism (pp. 29-41), Herndon, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education.
Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.
Leonard, J., Napp, C., & Adeleke, S. (2009). The complexities of culturally relevant
pedagogy: A case study of two secondary mathematics teachers and their ESOL students. The High School Journal 93(1), 3-22.
Lucas, T., Villegas, A. M., & Freedson-Gonzalez, M. (2008). Linguistically responsive
teacher education: Preparing classroom teachers to teach English language learners. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(4), 361-373.
Lopez, A. E. (2011). Culturally relevant pedagogy and critical literacy in diverse English
classrooms: A case study of a secondary English teacher’s activism and agency. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 10(4), 75-93.
McConn, M.L., & Blaine, A.M. (2018). Literature standards past and present: Driving
toward a disappearing horizon. The High School Journal 101(3), 134-154.
Metz, M. (2018). Challenges of confronting dominant language ideologies in the high
school English classroom. Research in the Teaching of English, 52(4), 455-477.
Matias, C. E. (2013). Check yo’self before you wreck yo’self and our kids: Counter
stories from culturally responsive white teachers?…To culturally responsive white teachers! Interdisciplinary Journal of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 68-81.
Matias, C. E., Montoyo, R., & Nishi, N. W. M. (2016). Blocking CRT: How the
emotionality of whiteness blocks CRT in urban teacher education. Educational Studies, 52(1), 1-19.
Moje, E. B. (2015). Doing and teaching disciplinary literacy with adolescent learners: A
social and cultural enterprise. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 254-278.
Morrell, E. (2005). Critical English education. English Education, 37(1), 312-321.
Morrell, E. (2015). Critical literacy and urban youth: Pedagogies of access, dissent, and
liberation. New York, NY: Routledge.
O’Connor, S. (2013). Sinead O’Connor’s open letter to Miley Cyrus. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/03/sinead-o-connor-open-letter-miley-cyrus.
Parthasarathy, B. (2008). The ethnographic case study approach. The global impact
study. http://www.globalimpactstudy.org/2008/07/the-ethnographic-case-study-approach/.
Paris, D., & Alim, H. S. (2014). What are we seeking to sustain through culturally
sustaining pedagogy? A loving critique forward. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 85-100.
Price-Dennis, D. (2016). Developing curriculum to support Black girls’ literacies in digital
spaces. English Education, 48(4), 337-367.
Sams, B. L., & Dyches, J. (2016). Is this reflection? Examining reflective discourse in
teacher education standards and performance assessments. SoJo Journal: Educational Foundations and Social Justice Education, 2(1), 75-85.
Sams, B. L., & Love, A. (2014). Reading to teach: Towards an ordinary pedagogy.
Visual Arts Research, 40(1), 113-116.
Schmeichel, M. (2012). Good teaching? An examination of culturally relevant pedagogy
as an equity practice. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(2), 211-231.
Scholes, R. E. (1985). Textual power: Literary theory and the teaching of English. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.)
The Sage Handbook of Quality Research (3rd ed.) (pp. 443-466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sleeter, C. E. (2011). An agenda to strengthen culturally responsive pedagogy. English
Teaching: Practice and Critique, 10(2), 7-23.
Thomas, D., & Dyches, J. (2019). The hidden curriculum of reading intervention: A
critical content analysis of Fountas & Pinnell’s leveled literacy intervention. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 51(5), 601-618.
Thomas, E. E. (2015). “We always talk about race”: Navigating race talk dilemmas in
the teaching of literature. Research in the Teaching of English, 50(2), 154-175.
Thomas, E. E., & Stornaiuolo, A. (2016). Restorying the self: Bending toward textual
justice. Harvard Educational Review, 86(3), 313–338.
Vickery, E. A. (2020). “This is a story of who America is”: Cultural memories and black
civic identity. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 1-32.
Villegas, A. M., & Lucas, T. (2002). Preparing culturally responsive teachers: Rethinking
the curriculum. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(1), 20-32.
Yagelski, R. (2006). English education. In B. McComiskey (Ed.) English Studies: An
Introduction to the Discipline(s) (pp. 275-319). Urbana, IL: NCTE.
Yanow, D., & Schwartz-Shea, P. (2015). Interpretation and method: Empirical research
methods and the interpretive turn. New York: Routledge.
Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of
community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69-91.
Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. London, UK: Sage
Publications.